Question #5

Question:



Research in the net the most recent assembler. Describe its history, nature and applications. Evaluate this assembler from its predecessor.



Answer:



Turbo C++is a Borland C++ compiler and Integrated Development Environment(IDE). The original Turbo C++ product line was put on hiatus after 1994, and was revived in 2006 as an introductory-level IDE, essentially a stripped-down version of their flagship C++ Builder. Turbo C++ 2006 was released on September 5, 2006 and is available in 'Explorer' and 'Professional' editions. The Explorer edition is free to download and distribute while the Professional edition is a commercial product. The professional edition is no longer available for purchase from Borland.



Hist0ry

> Turbo C++ 3.0 was released in 1991 (shipping on November 20), and came in amidst expectations of the coming release of Turbo C++ for Microsoft Window. Initially released as an MS-DOS compiler, 3.0 supported C++ templates, Borland's inline assembler, and generation of MS-DOS mode executables for both 8086 real-mode & 286-protected . 3.0's implemented AT&T C++ 2.1, the most recent at the time. The separate Turbo Assembler product was no longer included, but the inline-assembler could stand in as a reduced functionality version.

The first release of Turbo C++ was made available during the MS-DOS reign on personal computers. The latter was able to generate both COM and EXE programs, and was shipped with Borland's Turbo Assembler compiler for Intel x86 processors. The initial version of the Turbo C++ compiler was based on a front end developed by TauMetric (TauMetric was later acquired by Sun Microsystem and their front end was incorporated in Sun C++ 4.0, which shipped in 1994).

Question #4

QUESTION:

Justify what situations or applications programmers will rather use Assembly Languages than Higher Level Progamming Languages and vice versa.

ANSWER:

Assembly language is a low-level language for programming computers. It implements a symbolic representation of the numeric machine codes and other constants needed to program a particular CPU architecture. This representation is usually defined by the hardware manufacturer, and is based on abbreviations (called mnemonics) that help the programmer remember individual instructions,registers, etc. An assembly language is thus specific to a certain physical or virtual computer architecture (as opposed to most high-level language, which are usually portable).While High-Level Language is a type of advanced computer programming language that isn't limited by the type of computer or for one specific job and is more easily understood. Today, there are dozens of high-level languages; some commonly used high-level languages are BASIC, C, FORTRAN and Pascal.In comparison to low-level programming languages, it may use natural language elements, be easier to use, or more portable across platforms.

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Question#3

Question:
Research in the net what is the best assembler and why.

Answer:
->
NETWIDE ASSEMBLER(NASM)
-s a assembler and disassembler for the Intel x86 architecture. It can be used to write 16-bit,32-bit (IA-32) and 64-bit (x86-64) programs. NASM is considered to be one of the most popular assemblers for Linux and is the second most popular assembler overall.
-was written by Simon Tatham with the assistance from Julian hall.
-can output several binary formats(COFF,Portable Executable,a.out, ELF and MACH-O)
-it also has its own binary format called RDOFF.
-uses Intel assembly syntax.

Question #2

QUESTION:

Research in the net usual applications done in assembly language. Describe these applications briefly and cite the efficiency and effectiveness of these applications.



:ANSWER:


A large number of programs have been entirely written in Assembly Language, operating were almost exclusively written in assembly language until the widespread in acceptance of C during 1970's and early 1980's.

Typical examples of large Assembly Language Programs from this time are:

* MS-DOS-(short for Microsoft Disk Operating System) is an operating system commercialized by Microsoft. It was the most commonly used member of the DOS family of operating systems and was the main operating system for computers during the 1980s. It was based on the Intel 1860 family of microprocessors, particularly the IBM PC and compatibles.

* Spreadsheet-is a computer application that simulates paper worksheet.It displays multiple cells that together make up a grid consisting of rows and columns, each cell containing either alphanumeric text or numeric values.

*Atari 800-is a series of 8-bit home computer manufactured from 1979 to 1992. All are based on the MOS Technology 6502 CPU and were the first home computers designed with custom coprocessor chips, giving them "the most powerful graphic subsystem" of any 8 bit machine.

*Sega Turn- is a 32-bit video game console that was first released on November 22,1994 in Japan, MAy 11, 1995, North America and July 8, 1995 in Europe.According to some industry insiders, the assembly language was the best computer language to use to get the best performance out the SEGA TURN.

-Most microcomputers relied on hand-coded Assembly language including most operating system and large applications. The biggest reasons why there prefer to use the assembly language were size, speed and reliability. Assembly language can hold Bugs.

Question # 1...

Question:

What topic(s) in MCS 213 do you find easy and/or difficult and why?



Answer:

MCS213 is very difficult, especially the programming. In our laboratory exercises the most difficult is Adding Binary Numbers and Conversion of any Number System to Decimal Number System... While the easiest topic in MCS213 is the Computer Memory Organization, Introduction to Computer Archiecture and Organization Operational Environment of Computers and the Computer History.



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